High-speed trains exist in various countries throughout the world, surpassing speeds of 200 mph (321 kp/h). However, many often wonder what powers these trains to reach such high speeds.
So, how are high speed trains powered? Electricity. High speed trains receive their electric power from over head wires, mostly at a voltage of 25 kV 50 Hz, and is collected via a pantograph atop the train.
Wires strung along a set of catenary are the most common types of powering high speed trains, as it is commonly the most energy efficient way, as it reduces the reliance on fossil fuels, and implements a new, convenient way of travel.
Overhead Catenary
Overhead catenary is an effective and energy efficient way to operate high speed trains. Overhead wires or catenary are fed electricity through feeder stations along the railway, which have access to high capacity electrical grids.
There are various elements of a catenary wire. Oftentimes, two wires are strung above the tracks, the first wire, called the messenger wire, which supports the contact wire that makes contact with the pantograph. The function of the messenger wire is to keep the contact wire straight above the tracks for maximum current collection, especially at high speeds. The two wires are held together via a drop wire, which attaches to the two wires every few feet, thus, increasing its tension. By this connection, the contact wire and messenger wire are connected electrically.
High speed trains operated by overhead wires are very energy efficient, as once the electricity travels through the train, the unused current is then filtered back into the overhead lines for the next train to utilize.
The type of wires utilized for high speed operation must be able to handle the high heat and friction generated from a passing pantograph. Thus, oftentimes, the contact wire is constructed of copper to further strengthen the connectivity between the wire and the pantograph.
The messenger wire is oftentimes constructed of multiple metals, such as copper, aluminum, and steel, and must be equally as strong as the contact wire and must have strong conductive properties. In most cases, the messenger wire would be c